In the Persian literary texts, the verb hesht and its present stem helhave been used with mood's lexical meanings and grammatical function. On the other hand, the past stem of the verb is used in the form helid that is analogical formation. In this article, the root of the verb in the old period of Iranian languages; its main meaning, and other lexical meanings in three periods of Persian language has been examined and the process of semantic evolution and its change to grammatical form for representing modal concept has been described. Hiš tan is derived from root harz in Avestan Language to meaning “ to abandon” , “ to leave” and in Middle Persian and Persian literary texts besides "abandoning" mean, is used to mean "putting", "assigning", and "appointing" and also. Moreover, it has become a tool to express the permission modality in Middle Persian. In the Persian literary texts, gozā shtan has also represented the modal concept of permission. Gradually, the use of gozā shtan for denoting this concept has become dominant, and heš tan has become eliminated.

In any country where various dialects are spoken, there is always a need for a common language to help facilitate the communication of the indigenous people. Usually it is the dialect spoken by the rulers of the country that assumes the role of the common language, becoming, in the course of time, the standard language of the whole territory. The author follows in this paper the process of language standardization, as outlined by various linguists, and finds that the process is usually helped by "prescriptive" practices of experts who issue a series of "do's" and "don'ts". And he concludes that this "prescriptivism" is a part and parcel of the standardization process.

Nowadays modal logic is one of the important areas of logic, but at the beginning of the emergence of modern logic, there was not much attention to this branch of logic, and even the founders of modern logic, including Russell, had an anti-modal position. One of the factors that led Russell to adopt such a position was the belief that logic is truth functional and extensional, and this is something that the introduction of modality destroys.Of course During the long period of his philosophical work, Russell has taken many and varied positions about modal notions. From the beginning, he did not have an anti-modal position. At first, he considered necessity as a description of an implication, and after some time, he introduced it as a primitive, basic and indefinable concept. Then, in some of his works, following Moore, he considered necessity as a kind of logical priority of propositions, but in the end he took an anti-modal position and tried to completely discard the modal notions. He said that these concepts are properties of propositional functions, not properties of propositions. But Russell has used second-order logic for explaining the modal concepts and explaining the difference between possibility and existence (which declares both of them to be properties of propositional functions), but even with this, he is not able to completely remove the modal notions from language and logic.

The human sciences can be divided into two types: descriptive and prescriptive. Descriptive human sciences are those sciences which explain and describe human phenomena. On the contrary, prescriptive human sciences are those sciences which provide a set of prescriptive propositions-ought tos and ought not tos, consistent with the already affirmed already principles, for the sake of achieving the desired aims. There has been a long running dispute among human scientists as to accept or reject prescriptive human sciences, so that a group considers them as science whereas another group do not. Adopting certain methods in the human sciences and thinking that there is no logical relationship between reality and value contribute to excluding prescriptive sciences. Accordingly, criticizing these two factors renders prescriptive human sciences acceptable. Having examined the quiddity and characteristics of prescriptive human sciences, the present paper goes through and criticizes the proofs provided by the opponents of prescriptive human sciences.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research, the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

Introduction: Prescriptive authority for nurses has moved forward significantly in some countries. However this authority hasn't come about for Iranian nurses.We aimed to perform this study in order to find out factors that affecting on prescriptive authority in Iranian nurses.Methods: A qualitative approach was used in Jahrom and Shiraz. A sample was chosen based on purposeful sampling method amongst stuff, educator and student nurses. Sample size was dependent on the data saturation with a total 10 participants at the end. Data gathering was done using semi-structured interviews, and then data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.Results: Four main themes emerged: (a) competency, (b) legal license, (c) change and (d) promotion.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that prescription by Iranian nurses is possible if the law centers support and verify the prescription task. But since this condition has not been achieved thus they are needed to more thinking planning and training.